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American Zoologist 1975 15(1):21-27; doi:10.1093/icb/15.1.21
© 1975 by The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
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Immunological Maturation in the Tunicate Ciona intestinalis

RICHARD K. WRIGHT and EDWIN L. COOPER
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Center for the Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, California 90024

The least explored areas in the phylogenetic development of immunity are the primitive chordate subphyla. The limited studies on tunicate internal defense mechanisms are presented and discussed. Primary and secondary immune responses and immunological maturation to vertebrate erythrocytes in Ciona intestinalis suggest that its internal defense mechanisms may be closely allied to both the invertebrates and vertebrates.


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