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American Zoologist 1985 25(3):911-923; doi:10.1093/icb/25.3.911
© 1985 by The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
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Effects of Early Paternal Presence upon Nonhuman Offsprings' Development1

KARL L. WUENSCH
Department of Psychology, East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina 27834

Both laboratory and field studies of the effects of pateral care on offspring development are useful for explaining and controlling offspring development, for discovering the mechanisms involved, and for explainig the presence of and variance in paternalcare. Many observers of paternal behaviors have simply assumed that paternal care has beneficial effects on the offspring. This assumption need to be tested. Several experimental research strategies are discussed. Documented effects of paternal presence on offspring development include effects on survival and growth, sexual maturation, sexual preference, aggressiveness, and various social behaviors. Paternal modification of maternal behavior is one very interesting avenue through which fathers may affect the development of their offspring, but it must be remembered that mothers, fathers, and offspring are each part of a complex web of reciprocal relationships.


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