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American Zoologist 1987 27(3):759-771; doi:10.1093/icb/27.3.759
© 1987 by The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
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H. Newell Martin, W. K. Brooks, and the Reformation of American Biology1

KEITH R. BENSON
Department of Biomedical History, University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195

Johns Hopkins University pioneered a new model for graduate education in biology. Prior toits opening in 1876, opportunities for graduate education in biology were extremely limited inthe United States. Under the careful leadership of W. K. Brooks and H. Newell Martin, JohnsHopkins not only provided for the education of many of the first generation of American-trained biologists, but it also developed a new and workable model for advanced training in the biological sciences. This model, formed around laboratory training and original research, was adoptedby many American universities by the end of the nineteenth century.


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