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American Zoologist 1997 37(6):536-545; doi:10.1093/icb/37.6.536
© 1997 by The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
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Stress Responses in Avian Embryos1

AUGUST EPPLE2, BARBARA GOWER2, MARC TEN BUSCH, TEJENDRA GILL, LOUIS MILAKOFSKY{dagger}, RALF PIECHOTTA, BARBARA NIBBIO, T. HARE{ddagger} and MILTON H. STETSON§
Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
2Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama 35294
{dagger}Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, Berks Campus Reading, Pennsylvania PA 19610
{ddagger}Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
§Department of Biology, University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19716

Correspondence: 2 E-mail: epplel{at}jeflin.tju.edu

The day 13–14 chicken embryo is a useful model for studies on prenatal stress responses. Free dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine in its plasma, amniotic and allantoic fluid respond to a variety of stresses. The allantoic fluid also contains conjugated catecholamines and conjugated steroids. However, a blood/allantois barrier excludes free thyroid hormones and free steroids, and insulin. On the other hand, the allantoic fluid contains at least 40 amino acids (including six excitatory amino acids) and related compounds. Most, possibly all, components of the allantoic fluid are regulated at specific blood/allantois and amnion/allantois barriers, and they respond to ethanol stress and metabolite loading differentially. The avian allantois is a depot for important metabolites and messenger substances which seems to be controlled by as yet unidentified hormones


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