© 2002 by The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
Integrative Approaches to Biogeography: Patterns and Processes on Land and in the Sea1
1 Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Culver Hall, Rm. 402, 1025 E. 57th St., Chicago, Illinois 60637, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, unit 0948, APO AA 34002 (current address)
2 Department of Marine Science, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii HI 96720
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 SYNOPSIS BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCEMARINE AND TERRESTRIAL...References |
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At the 2002 SICB meeting in Anaheim, we brought together some of the leaders in terrestrial and marine phylogeography for a day-long symposium. This symposium combined presentations from ten scientists whose question-driven research focuses on testing hypotheses about patterns and processes in biogeography in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals and including marine, terrestrial, and freshwater systems. The papers gathered here cover the breadth of the presentations. By explicitly seeking to combine marine and terrestrial workers into a single symposium we hoped that the different patterns and processes that predominate in major biomes and the different assumptions made by the workers in those areas would be highlighted.
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BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE |
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SYNOPSISBACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCEMARINE AND TERRESTRIAL...References |
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Biogeography has undergone a recent revival as a field of inquiry due to both theoretical and technical advances. The advent and subsequent wide application of cladistic methodologies in the 1970s led to explicit hypotheses of species relationships and character state distributions. A variety of cladistic biogeographic methodologies have since been proposed, enabling biogeographic hypotheses to be tested explicitly (e.g., Brundin, 1966
; Rosen, 1976; Nelson, 1978; Nelson and Platnick, 1981; Bremer, 1992). The subsequent advent of quick and inexpensive genetic screening technologies has allowed the rapid production of large data sets that can be used to address biogeographic questions at population, species, and faunal levels. These molecular methods can be useful in cases where morphological analyses have not been informative, and have offered better resolution of geographic patterns than was previously possible. Availability of molecular data has also fostered the further development of analytical tools (e.g., Excoffier et al., 1992; Slatkin and Maddison, 1989; Crandall and Templeton, 1999; Posada et al., 2000) for analysis of molecular biogeographic data. Detailed data are now available for a variety of systems that can be used not only to plot taxon distributions, but can also be used to test hypotheses about biogeographic processes at several hierarchical levels (e.g., Mayden, 1988; Lessios et al., 1997; Moritz et al., 2000; Wilson and Hebert, 1998). |
MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL PERSPECTIVES |
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Biogeographic patterns are strongly influenced by the physical characteristics of different ecosystems and by the biological characteristics of their constituents. Thus a single historical event may have independent and very different effects on groups of organisms living in different habitats. For instance, the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama connected separate terrestrial biotas, while acting as a barrier between previously continuous marine populations.
Differences in the life histories of marine and terrestrial animals also influence the processes that produce biogeographic patterns. The life history of many benthic and demersal marine animals includes a pelagic larval phase. This assures that dispersal occurs early in the life history and is independent of benthic barriers to adult dispersal. For example adults of many obligate deep-sea hydrothermal vent species have pelagic larvae that are able to travel great distances and colonize newly developed vent systems. In contrast, terrestrial dispersal more generally occurs in the adult stage and is more strongly influenced by the availability of adult habitat. These differences in dispersal ability and timing could lead to significant differences in the evolutionary processes effecting biogeographic patterns in marine and terrestrial systems. Differences in abiotic factors such as differential effects of glaciation and sea-level changes on land and in the sea may also greatly influence biogeographic patterns. The frequency and importance of different biogeographic processes, such as dispersal and vicariance, for shaping biogeographic patterns is perceived to vary among habitats. However biogeographic theory has traditionally been dominated by ideas from studies of terrestrial or freshwater vertebrates (e.g., Mayr, 1963; Rosen, 1976) that may be less applicable to marine systems. Our symposium combined presentations on the biogeography of marine and terrestrial organisms with a view to exploring if such differences are more perceived than real.
The first two papers in the symposium focus on using molecular phylogeography of terrestrial animals to demonstrate vicariant history of biotas. R. Zink discusses the use of comparative phylogeographic methods to decipher evolutionary responses to vicariant events that occurred at different times in the past, and by extension to investigate the historical stability of communities. He bases his analyses on the aridland faunas of southwestern North America. Ana Carnaval demonstrates that both differences in habitat requirements and the effects of pre-human forest fragmentation can be detected in the mitochondrial haplotype networks of four species of Brazilian Atlantic forest frogs. The relationships of the frogs in the forest fragments did not necessarily reflect the current fragment distribution and climatic conditions.
Williams et al. compare the biogeographic signal in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences in Indo-West Pacific starfish and snapping shrimp. They demonstrate that data from nuclear genes and allozymes are likely to show historical patterns of population subdivision associated with the Indo-West Pacific barrier to marine dispersal, while the more rapidly evolving mitochondrial genes recover a signal of secondary introgression. Comparisons of these different lines of evidence give some temporal resolution to the different processes that are thought to have occurred in this complex region.
G. Vermeij examines the biogeographic context for the origination of evolutionary novelties. Using examples from Cenozoic molluscs he argues that innovations should generally arise in times and areas of high resource availability. However, innovations associated with a cost should arise only when selection favors them (times and areas with high predation or competition e.g., the tropics), while innovations without obvious benefits should only arise in relatively benign environments with weak selection.
The final paper, by G. Paulay and C. Meyer, takes a biogeographic approach to comparing diversification of marine and terrestrial organisms in Oceania. Comparing the necessary conditions for entry into the dispersal medium, transport within it, and establishment in a new location, they conclude that the conditions necessary for both founder speciation and vicariance are present in both terrestrial and marine realms. They conclude that despite the commonly perceived differences between marine and terrestrial dispersal both the biogeographic mechanisms and patterns of diversification are similar in both habitats.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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This symposium was held during the 2002 annual meeting of the Society of Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB), in Anaheim, California. It was funded by the Division of Invertebrate Zoology (DIZ), the Division of Ecology and Evolutionary (DEE) and the Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology (DSEB) of SICB. We thank John Pearse, SICB Program Officer, and the chairs and treasurers of DEE, DSEB, and DEZ for their support and encouragement. Finally we would like to thank all the symposium participants for contributing to a successful symposium and for making organizing it such a rewarding experience.
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 From the Symposium Integrated Approaches to Biogeography: Patterns and Processes on Land and in the Sea presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2–6 January 2002, at Anaheim, California.
2 E-mail: collinr{at}naos.si.edu
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References |
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Bremer, K. 1992. Ancestral areas: A cladistic reinterpretation of the centers of origin concept. Syst. Biol, 41:436-445.[CrossRef]
Brundin, L. 1966. Transantarctic relationships and their significance as evidenced by chironomid midges. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Fj
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Crandall, K. A., and A. R. Templeton. 1999. The zoogeography and centers of origin of the crayfish subgenus Procericambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae). Evolution 123–134.
Excoffier, L., P. E. Smouse, and J. M. Quattro. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: Application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics, 131:479-491.[Abstract]
Lessios, H. A., B. D. Kessing, and D. R. Robertson. 1997. Massive gene flow across the world's most potent marine barrier. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B, 265:583-588.
Mayden, R. L. 1988. Vicariance biogeography, parsimony, and evolution in North American freshwater fishes. Syst. Zool, 37:331-357.
Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Belknap Press, Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Moritz, C., J. L. Patton, C. J. Schneider, and T. B. Smith. 2000. Diversification of rainforest faunas: An integrated molecular approach. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. (In press).
Nelson, G. 1978. From Candolle to Croizat: Comments on the history of biogeography. J. Hist. Biol, 11:269-305.[Medline]
Nelson, G., and N. Platnick. 1981. Systematics and biogeography. Columbia University Press, New York.
Posada, D., K. A. Crandall, and A. R. Templeton. 2000. GeoDis: A program for the cladistic nested analysis of the geographical distribution of genetic haplotypes. Molecular Ecology, 9:487-488.[CrossRef][Medline]
Rosen, D. 1976. A vicariance model of caribbean biogeography. Syst. Zool, 24:431-464.
Slatkin, M., and W. P. Maddison. 1989. A cladistic measure of gene flow inferred from the phylogenies of alleles. Genetics, 123:603-613.
Wilson, C. C., and P. D. N. Hebert. 1998. Phylogeography and postglacial dispersal of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in North America. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, 55:1010-1024.[CrossRef]
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