Integrative and Comparative Biology Advance Access published online on May 5, 2006
Integrative and Comparative Biology, doi:10.1093/icb/icj043
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Nico K. Michiels 1 *
and
Joris M. Koene 2
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Synopsis Hermaphroditic animals often exhibit mating mechanisms that seem more damaging than those in species with separate sexes. Our analyses indicate that this difference is real. While females only remate when the benefit is positive, hermaphrodites remate even when this implies losing female fitness. This occurs because hermaphrodites can outweigh losses in the female function by gaining paternity. In an extended model we ask whether this favors the evolution of more male harm’in hermaphrodites. When male harm only suppresses remating in the receiver it neither evolves in hermaphrodites nor in gonochorists. However, when male harm is coupled to a fertilization advantage, it evolves in both forms of gender expression with the highest levels in hermaphrodites. Hence, hermaphrodites are more prone to be caught in costly escalations than gonochorists. We discuss the implications for the evolution of gender expression in animals and plants.
Sexual Selection and Mating Systems in Hermaphrodites
Sexual selection favors harmful mating in hermaphrodites more than in gonochorists
1 Animal Evolution and Ecology, University Muenster, Huefferstr. 1, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; Present address: Zoological Institute, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 28 E, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
2 Animal Evolution and Ecology, University Muenster, Huefferstr. 1, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; Department of Animal Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Nico K. Michiels, E-mail: nico.michiels{at}uni-tuebingen.de
Abstract
From the symposium "Sexual Selection and Mating Systems in Hermaphrodites" presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 4-8, 2005, at San Diego, California.
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